References.

A-scan Ultrasonography

1. Holladay JT:  Standardizing constants for ultrasonic biometry, keratometry, and intraocular lens power calculations.   J Cataract Refract Surg 1997; 23: 1356 - 1370
2. Shammas HJ:  Intraocular lens power calculations. Avoiding the errors. 1996, Glendale, The News Circle Publishing House
3. Byrne SF:  A-scan axial length measurements. A handbook for IOL calculations, 1995, Mars Hill, Grove Park Publishers
4. Shammas HJ:  A comparison of immersion and contact techniques for axial length measurement.   J Am Intraocul Implant Soc 1984; 10(4):444 - 447
5. Jansson F:  Measurements of intraocular distances by ultrasound.   Acta Ophthalmol (suppl) 1983; 74: 1 - 51

Corneal Transplantation, Cataract Surgery & IOL Calculations

1. Hoffer, KJ:   Triple procedure for IOL exchange. Arch Ophthalmol 1987; 105:609
2. Hoffer, KJ:   The triple procedure: a plea for three (editorial). Geriatric Ophthalmol 1986; 2(3):7

Piggyback IOLs (primary and secondary polypseudophakia)

1. Shugar JK, Schwartz T:   Interpseudophakos Elschnig pearls associated with late hyperopic shift: A complication of piggyback posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation.  J Cataract Refract Surg 1999; 25:863 - 867
2. Hollick EJ, Spalton DJ, Ursell PG:   Surface cytologic features on intraocular lenses.  Arch Ophthalmol 1999; 117:872 - 878
3. Masket SA:   Piggyback intraocular lens implantation.  J Cataract Refract Surg 1998; 24:569 - 570
4. Gayton JL:   Secondary implantation of a double intraocular lens after penetrating keratoplasty.  J Cataract Refract Surg 1998; 24:281 - 282
5. Gills JP:   Piggyback minus-power lens implantation in keratoconus.  J Cataract Refract Surg 1998; 24:566 - 568
6. Gills JP, Gayton JL, Raanan M:   Multiple intraocular lens implantation.  In Gills JP, ed,   Cataract Surgery, The State of the Art 1998; SLACK Incorporated, Thorofare, NJ, pp 183 - 195
7. Holladay JT:  Standardizing constants for ultrasonic biometry, keratometry, and intraocular lens power calculations.   J Cataract Refract Surg 1997; 23: 1356 - 1370
8. Holladay JT, Gills JP, Leidlein J, Cherchio M:   Achieving emmetropia in extremely short eyes with two piggyback posterior chamber intraocular lenses.  Ophthalmology 1996; 103(7):1118 - 1123
9. Shugar JK, Lewis C, Lee A:   Implantation of multiple foldable acrylic posterior chamber lenses in the capsular bag for hyperopia.  J Cataract Refract Surg 1996; 22:1368 - 1372
10. Gayton JL, Sanders VN:   Implanting two posterior chamber intraocular lenses in a case of microphthalmos.  J Cataract Refract Surg 1993; 19: 776 - 777

Posterior staphyloma

1. Byrne SF:  A-scan axial length measurements. A handbook for IOL calculations, 1995, Mars Hill, Grove Park Publishers
2. Byrne SF, Green RL:  Ultrasound of the Eye and Orbit, 1992, Mosby Year-Book, pp 234-236
3. Curtin BJ:  The Myopias, Basic Science and Clinical Management, 1985, Philadelphia, Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., pp 277 - 385

Pseudophakia

1. Holladay JT:  Standardizing constants for ultrasonic biometry, keratometry, and intraocular lens power calculations.   J Cataract Refract Surg 1997; 23: 1356 - 1370
2. Sanders DR, Retzlaff JA, Kraff, MC:  A-scan biometry and IOL implant power calculations.   In Focal Points, Clinical Modules for Ophthalmologists 1995; 13(10): 1 - 14
3. Holladay JT, Praeger TC:  Accurate ultrasonic biometry in pseudophakia. (letter)   Am J Ophthalmol 1993; 115(4): 536 - 537
4. Holladay JT, Praeger TC:  Accurate ultrasonic biometery in pseudophakia. (letter)   Am J Ophthalmology: 1989; 107(2):189